Unionization in Transition: Dynamics and Challenges in Post-Socialist European Countries

Abstract

The dynamics of unionization in post-socialist European countries remain a critical area of investigation, influenced by historical, economic, and social transitions. This study analyses union membership density and its influence across sectors and industries in ten post-socialist countries. The research is based on data from 1,076 organizations, collected through the CRANET survey during 2021–2022. Statistical methods, including Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and the Mann-Whitney U test, were employed to test the hypotheses. The results demonstrate a strong positive correlation between union membership density and its influence, underscoring that higher union membership significantly enhances unions' negotiating power. Public sector organizations consistently exhibit higher union membership and influence compared to the private sector. While traditional industries, such as manufacturing and public administration, show stronger union presence and influence at an aggregate level, this trend is only partially confirmed across individual countries, reflecting the complexity of unionization dynamics. This study contributes to the literature on labour relations by providing empirical evidence of unionization trends in post-socialist European countries. It underscores the necessity for unions to modernize their strategies, including the adoption of digital tools, engagement with non-standard workers, and advocacy for inclusive policies. These adaptations are essential to address challenges posed by emerging industries and declining membership rates. The findings offer practical recommendations for strengthening union capacity.