Reference list

JCE is accepting manuscripts technically adjusted in accordance to APA  Publication Manual, Seventh Edition.

In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body text. Citation is a standardized method of presenting used intellectual sources and ideas in the preparation of a scientific paper. They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper.

Citation is the literal quoting of someone else's words. A quote implies that a part of the text is taken over without any changes. Direct quoting implies a verbatim citation of the taken text, while paraphrasing as a descriptive statement and recounting in one's own words the essence of the quote represents indirect quoting.

The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence.

Parenthetical vs. narrative citations

Parenthetical: 

Digital transformation represents a new, fourth industrial revolution that brings radical changes in business models and their performance (Lorenz et al., 2020).

When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number (p.) or range (pp.), for example:

As regards to AI technologies, 28% of German enterprises make use of them, exceeding the EU average of 25%, while 57% have a medium or high intensity of green actions through ICT (compared to 66% in the EU average) (European Commission, 2021, p. 13).

Narrative: Witkowski (2017) points out that Industry 4.0 contributes to the development of logistics and supply chain management in particular.

APA in-text citations with multiple authors

If manucript has two authors, separate their surnames with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s surnames followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”.

Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., EC) are written in full the first time and are abbreviated in subsequent citations.

Table 3

APA in-text citation: Basic rules

Author type	Parenthetical	Narrative
One author	(Petković, 2017)	Petković (2017)
Two authors	(Petković & Heupel, 2020)	Petković and Hupel (Petković & Heupel, 2020)
Three or more authors	(Gligorić et al., 2020)	Gligorić et al. (2020)
Group authors   First citationa   Subsequent citations	(Center for project management and entrepreneurship [CPME], 2020)   (CPME, 2020)	Center for project management and entrepreneurship  (CPME, 2020)   CPME (2020)
Group authors without their abbreviations	(Center for project management and entrepreneurship, 2020)	Center for project management and entrepreneurship (2020)

Note. The table presents the basic rules of parenthetical citation and descriptive, i.e. narrative, citation. a Define an abbreviation for the author group, choosing parenthetical citation format or descriptive citation format. After that, in each subsequent citation in the text, you do not state the full name of the institution, but state the abbreviation. The table content is taken and adapted from APA (2021, p. 407).

Direct quotes in APA Style

There are three main rules for quoting in APA Style (Scribbr, n.d.):

• If the quote is under 40 words, place it in double quotation marks.
• If the quote is 40 words or more, format it as a block quote.
• Cite the author, year, and page number with an APA in-text citation.

No author, date or page number

If the author, date of publication of the source, or page of the citation is unknown, the following table summarizes the citation instructions.

Table 4

Missing information in APA in-text citations

Unknown element	Solution	In-text citation
Author	Use the source title.	(Source Title, 2020)
Date	Write “n.d.” for “no date”.	(Jones, n.d.)
Page number	Use an alternative locator or omit the page number.	(Johnson, 2020, para. 2) or (Johnson, 2020)

Note. The table presents situations when the author is unknown, the date of publication of the source or the page of the quotation is unknown. The author.

No author

If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or government responsible for creating the content. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry).

Anonymous

A work is considered to have no author when its author is unknown or cannot reasonably be determined. In this case, in the reference list at the end of the text, move the title of the paper to the place of the author (followed by a period), before the date of publication (see Chapter 10, Example 49). (APA, 2020, p. 439)

Example: Generalized anxiety disorder. (2019).

If, and only if, the paper is signed "Anonymous", use "Anonymus" as the author in the text.
Anonymous (2017)

No publication date

If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation.
(Johnson, n.d.)

No page number (alternative locators)

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not refer to the page number. Instead, you can reference another logical identifier: paragraph, chapter number, section number, table number, or something else. Older works (such as religious texts) may also contain special location identifiers such as verse numbers. In short: choose a page number replacement that makes sense for your source.

Examples (Petković, 2022, p.10):

Jones (1998) found a number of reasons for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (paras. 4–5).

A meta-analysis of the available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency in large studies

student learning (Table 3).

Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator, such as:

• (Liu, 2020, 03:26)
• (Johnson, 2019, Chapter 3)
• (McCombes, 2016, para. 4)
• (Davis, 2016, Slide 15)
• (Flores, 2020, Table 5)
• (Streefkerk, 2020, “No page number” section)

Multiple sources in one parenthesis

If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon.

When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma.

Furthermore, contacts with customers can provide ideas about new products and services (Lee and Schmidt, 2016; Sarbu, 2021).

Several studies have replicated these results (Brown, 2009; Porter, 2004; Smith, 2015, 2017).

Avoiding ambiguity in APA in-text citations

When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below.

Table 5

Ambiguity in APA in-text citations

Situation	Solution	In – text citation
Multiple works by the same author in the same year	Add a lowercase letter after the year	(Cooper, 2018a) (Cooper, 2018b)
Different authors with the same last name	Include the authors’ initials.	(H. Taylor, 2019) (B. J. Taylor, 2016)
Multiple works with 3+ authors that shorten to the same form (i.e., same first author(s) and date)	Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations.	(Cooper, Lee, et al., 2015) (Cooper, Ross, et al., 2015

Note. Retrieved and adapted from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/tables-and-figures.